高三英语第十四单元Roots (根)教学教案 |
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，介词on / upon或从句。 如：
He decided on taking the position at the bank.＝He decided to take the position at the bank . 他决定担任很行的职务。
(3) determine“决心、坚决”，侧重表示决心已下定,任何力量都动摇不了这种决心。 其后常接不定式， 也可接 on / upon + ing 。 如：
His mother has determined to give him a chance . 他母亲决心给他一次机会。
10. give out , give away , give back , give forth , give in , give off , give over , give up
〖明晰〗(1) give out 放出、发生；宣称，公布，发表；分配，分发；用完，耗尽； 精疲力竭。如：
The teacher\'s patience at last gave out . 老师终于失去了耐心。
His strength gave out . 他筋疲力尽。
(2) give away 赠送；出卖；泄露 / give back 归还；返射 / give forth 放出， 发出(声音，气味等)；发表，公布give in投降；屈服，让步；交上 / give off 发出 (蒸气、光、烟等)/give over 移交，交托 / give up 让给；放弃，抛弃。
11. familiar to , familiar with
〖明晰〗(1) familiar to＝well known to sb“为人所熟知”，其中to为介词，to 后常跟 人。如：
I\'ve been away a long time, and that name is not familiar to me . 我出外很久了，这名字我不熟悉。
(2)familiar with＝well acquainted with“精通、熟知、通晓”。be familiar with的主语一定是人，with后的宾语可人、可物。如：He is familiar with Shakespeare . 他精通莎士比亚的作品。
I am not very familiar with botanical names . 我对植物学上的名称不太熟悉。
12 . what kind of doctor 与 what kind of a doctor
〖明晰〗(1)“what kind / sort of”是问类别，所以：What kind of doctor is he ? 他是 哪科的医生?
(2)“what kind / sort of a (an)”是问程度、性质等具体情况。所以：what kind of a doctor is he ? 他是怎么样的医生?(含医术是否高明，待人处事的能力等)
【妙文赏析】
The Capital of the United States
When George Washington became the first President of the United States , there was no permanent (永久的) capital . During the Revolutionary War seven different cities had served as the national capital . In addition , the members of Congress (议会) could not agree to where this permanent capital should be located (位于) .Some officials wanted it in the North , others wanted it in the South . Each of the states hoped that the capital might be set up within its own state lines .
At last it was decided that the capital should occupy (占有) a section by itself , separate from any of the states . The place chosen was situated on the Potomac River . The land then belonged to the state of Maryland , but Maryland agreed to give it to the national government . The section was named the District of Columbia, after Christopher Columbus . The city itself was named Washington , after George Washington .
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Work was begun on the new capital in 1791 . In the year 1800 Congress occupied the new Capital Building . The White House Was opened at the same time as the home of all future presidents .
1 . There was no permanent capital in the United States when George Washington became the first President of the United States because ______ .
A . people didn\'t like the new government
B . there was not enough money to build the capital
C . American people were too busy fighting to think of the problem of building the capital
D . people had a disagreement about the location of the capital
2 . Which of the following is implied (暗示的) but not stated in the passage ?
A . George Washington\'s office was perhaps not in the White House .
B . Seven cities used to be the capital of the United States .
C . The North and the South couldn\'t agree with each other on the problem of the capital .
D . George Washington was the first president of the United States .
3 . The Potomac River _______ .
A . is the longest river in its country
B . separates the capital from the state of Maryland
C . flows through the state of Maryland
D . was given to the national government by Maryland
4 . Which of the following is not true according to the passage ?
A . The White House has a history of about 200 years .
B . The District of Columbia belongs to none of the states .
C . Congress occupied the new Capital Building until 1800 .
D . The White House is a place where American presidents live and work except George Washington .
答案：1. D 2. A 3. C 4. C
【思维体操】
常见阅读理解题的解题技巧
一般说来，阅读理解的题型设置大致可分为六种类型：事实询问、推理判断、数据推算、识图解意、主旨大意、规律常识。做好这六种题型，需要掌握一定的方法和技巧。
一、事实询问题
事实询问主要是以等词语引导的问句，就文中某句、某段或某 具体细节和事实进行提问。做这类题的要领是：
⑴首先弄懂题目和每个选项的含义。题意不明当然无法做出正确选择，明确题意，才能顺藤摸瓜。⑵ 按题目的要求寻找与之相关的细节，正确估计答案的来源。有的题只要抓住文章的某处信息，即可解题；而有的题则需要综合文章多处信息，并予以分析，才能找到解题思路。
⑶ 要注意题目和文中关键词的暗示作用。忽略了这一点。就等于失去了解题的钥匙。
⑷ 对信息量较大的文章要多读两遍。读时要注意辨别各种信息的真伪，要排除无关信息，否定错误信息，确认有用的信息。
二、推理判断题
推理判断题要求透过文章表面文字信息去推测文章隐含的意思。对文章的情节发展，以及作者的态度，意图等作出合乎逻辑的推理和判断。这类问题常用以下句式提出问题：
⑴ We can infer from the passage that ?
⑵ What can we conclude from the passage ?
⑶ What is the author\'s attitude towards … ?
纵观近几年的 NMET阅读理解题，推理判断的题量在不断拉大。做这类题应注意以下几点：
⑴ 要懂得如何捕捉信息，抓住主题寻觅细节，进而逻辑推理；
⑵ 对于暗含在文中事件的因果关系，人物的行为动机以及作者未言明的倾向、态度、意图、观点等进行合乎逻辑的推理、分析和判断。要善于抓文章中实质性的东西，不要被带有假像的表层信息或似而非的东西所迷惑。
⑶在推断作者的态度、意图或观点时， 不要固守自己的习惯看法，要力求从作者的角度去思考。
三、数据推算题
此种题要求学生就文章提供的以及数据与文中其它信息的关系作出简单计算和推断。做此类题应注意：
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⑴ 要抓与数据有关的信息，并对这些信息的含义有一个直角的理解。
⑵ 如果文中含有较多的数据信息，一定弄清它们之间的联系，分清有用信息和无用信息。
⑶数据信息的意义往往不是孤立的，要正确理解全文大意，还应抓住一些关键性的词的意义。
四、识图解意题
在阅读文章后面的题目中常可看到插图、图解或工图。这是形象化地表现信息的形式。有的起辅助作用，用以必低试题的难度，有的直接代替文字，是短文和题目不可缺少的组成部分。在做图示题时，要把文章与图示当作一个整体。理解时要图文互相参照，互相验证。若是地图，方位要明确，要正确理解文中方位介词的配搭意义。
五、主旨大意题
此类题目用以检查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会与理解是否正确。主旨大意题分两类：一类是主题问题，通常用以下句式引出：
What is he main idea of this passage ?
What does the passage mainly discuss ? The writer of the article wants to tell us that . 另一类是标题问题，通常用 What is the best title of the article (passage) ? 引出。
在说明文和议论文中作者通常是用主题句来表达一段的主旨大意，用主题句提出论点。我们应知道，主题句在文中的位置并不固定，尽管大部分主题句
句一般出现在文章或段落之首，但有时也放在中间，成为段落语义的核心，甚至有的出现在文尾，高尔夫球主题引向设法，成为一个强有力的结论，也有些文章或段落不易找到明明的主题句，需要读者去归纳，概括。另一类主旨大意题要求学生根据文章内容选择一个合适的标题，就是文章主题的最高度的概括形式。从此意义上讲，一些文章的标题往往隐含在文章的主题句中。只要找到了主题句，就不难确定文章的最佳标题。
六、常识题
这类题意在考查学生的非英语知识面，看学生对社会、文化、史地以及一些科普常识的掌握程度。这类总裁题有时与文章没有直接关系，只能凭自己的常识进行判断，作出选择。
三、智能显示
【心中有数】
单元语法发散思维
一、It引起的几个易混淆的时间句型
在学习中，同学生们对“It + be + 时间 + 从句”这个结构经常混淆不清，下面逐一进行分析。
1. It + be + 时间 + since-clause
这个句型表示从since 从句谓语动作发生以后到现在或过去所经过的一段时间，意为“自从......以来已多久了”，主句多用一般现在时，从句用一般过去时，如果表示过去的情况，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时，或主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。例如：
It is three years since his father passed away . (从现在算起)
It was 10 years since they married . (从过去算起)
It had been fifteen years since she left Shanghai . (从过去算起)
30 years has passed since we joined the Party . (从现在算起)
2. It + be + 时间 + before-clause
这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语(如：long years , months , weeks , days ,hours , minutes ) ，主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，意为“过多长时间才......”。主句的谓语动词是否定式时，意为“没过多长时间就......”。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时will be；用was 时，before从句的动词用一般过去时；用will be 时，before从句常用一般现在时。 例如：
It was not long before she learned those poems by heart . 她没过多久就背会了那些诗歌。
It was long before the police arrived .过了很久警察才来。
It will be hours before he makes a decision . 要过好几个小时他才会作出决定。
It will not be hours before meet again . 要不了几个小时我们还会再见面的。
3. It + be + 时间 + when-clause
这个句型中, it 指时间，而且表示时间的词语前没有介词(时间一般为具体时间)。主句中的谓语动词和从句中的谓语动词在时态上一般是一致的，主句是will be，when从句用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：
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It was already 8 o\'clock when we got home .
It was the next morning when we finished our work .
It will be midnight when they get there .
4. It + be + 时间 + that-clause
这个句型是个强调句型。例如：
It was two years ago that he made an important invention .
(原句是：He made an important invention two years ago . )
It was at 5 o\'clock that he practised playing the violin in the morning .
(原句是：He practised playing the violin at 5 o\'clock in the morning . )
比较：It was 5 o\'clock when he started in the morning .
(5 o\'clock前没有介词，这是个定语从句)
5. It + be + time + that-clause
这个句型属虚拟语气结构，不管主句中用的是 is 或 was ，that从句都须用动词的过去式或should + 动词原型(但不及用过去式普通)，在time之前有时可加上high或about 以加强语气。例如：
It is time(that)we handed in our exercises .(= It is time that we should hand in our exercises .)
It is high time (that ) she wrote a letter to her boyfriend .
6. It / This / That + the first(second , third …) time + that-clause
这个句型表示截止到说话时为止的某人的一种经历，关键是注意time前有序数词，主句是 is 时 ，从句要用现在完成时；如果主句用一般过去时was ，则从句须相应地用过去完成时。例如：
This is the first time (that) these Europeans have visited the Great Wall .
It was the fifth time (that) I had paid a friendly visit to Africa .
二、It代替从句作形式主语的常见句型
1. it 代替连词 that 引导的从句作形式主语。
1) it + be + 过去分词 + that 从句
It\'s said that Tom has come back from abroad . 据说汤姆已经从国外回来了。
It was reported that dozens of children died in the accident . 据报导，数十名儿童在事故中死亡。
可用于该句型的过去分词还有：known , thought , told , believed , hoped , announced ,expected , decided , suggested等，该句型常可以转换成含有宾语从句的复合句或者含有不定式作主补的简单句。如：
It\'s said that Tom has come back from abroad . →People say that Tom has come back from abroad . →He is said to have come back from abroad .
2) It + be + 名词词组 + that 从句
It\'s a pity that he can\'t swim for his age . 真遗憾，就他的年龄来讲，他竟不会游泳。
It\'s a wonder that you could finish such a hard task in such a short time . 真奇怪，你竟能在如此短的时间内完成艰巨的任务。
可用于该句型的名词词组还有：an honour , a good thing , a fact , a surprise , good news等。
3) It + be /seem + 形容词 + that 从句
It is likely that they will beat us tonight .今晚很可能他们会赢我们。
It doesn\'t seem that she will give us a hand .她帮我们的可能性似乎不太大。
可用于此句型的开容词还有；wonderful , true , good , right , wrong , (un)importa
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